In this article, we explore the potential role of the gut microbiome in the development of colorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer, which can also affect the rectum. You’ll find information on symptoms, causes, and diet recommendations to help protect yourself from this disease.
What is colorectal cancer?
Colorectal cancer is a global health issue. It is a malignant tumor affecting the mucosa of the colon (60% of cases) or rectum (40%). These cancers often develop from benign polyps through genetic mutations over several decades, eventually becoming adenocarcinomas.
Symptoms of colorectal cancer
Symptoms include bowel issues (constipation, persistent diarrhea, incomplete evacuation), blood in the stool, abdominal or rectal pain, and general symptoms like unexplained weight loss or fatigue. Consult your doctor if you experience any of these symptoms.
Who is affected by colorectal cancer?
This cancer causes 1.8 million new cases each year globally and is the third leading cause of cancer-related death. In industrialized countries, about 5% of the population is affected, with a cure rate of 70 to 90% if diagnosed early.
Causes of colorectal cancer
Genetic mutations trigger these cancers, but factors like a diet rich in red meat, obesity, alcohol, smoking, and sedentary lifestyle increase the risk. Age and family history also play significant roles.
Is the gut microbiome involved in colorectal cancer?
The colon, where most of the gut microbiome resides, is a common site for tumor development. Studies show that the microbiome composition of colorectal cancer patients differs from healthy individuals. Bacteria such as Fusobacterium and Campylobacter are found in greater quantities in cancer patients.
Fats, bile acids, and colorectal cancer
High-fat diets increase bile acid production, which is transformed by gut bacteria into pro-inflammatory compounds that promote inflammation and cancer development. However, some bile acids produced by bacteria can have beneficial effects.
Role of fibers and SCFAs
Fibers, fermented by gut bacteria, produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that have anti-inflammatory effects. A fiber-rich diet, including fruits, vegetables, and legumes, may help protect against colorectal cancer.
Role of proteins and alcohol
A high-protein diet can lead to harmful compounds like polyamines, while alcohol consumption promotes the formation of acetaldehyde, a carcinogenic compound.
What to eat to protect against colon cancer?
To reduce the risk, focus on a fiber-rich diet, including fruits, vegetables, and legumes, and limit red meat, animal fats, and alcohol. Regular physical activity also plays a key role in cancer prevention.
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