Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) include Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). These conditions affect 10 million people globally, with a growing prevalence in industrialized countries. IBDs are characterized by inflammation of the digestive tract wall, resulting from an overactive immune response to environmental, genetic factors, and gut microbiota imbalances. While the exact cause remains unknown and no cure exists, treatments can help manage the symptoms.
Differences between Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn’s disease can affect any part of the digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus, whereas ulcerative colitis only affects the rectum and colon. Both conditions manifest in inflammatory flare-ups followed by remission periods.
Symptoms of IBD
Symptoms include severe abdominal pain, frequent diarrhea (often bloody), and extreme fatigue. Extra-intestinal symptoms such as mouth ulcers, joint pain, and skin rashes can also occur, making daily life challenging for patients.
Diagnosis of IBD
A gastroenterologist can diagnose IBD through a colonoscopy, which allows for visualization of intestinal damage. Blood tests may also reveal conditions like anemia and thrombocytosis, commonly found in IBD cases.
Causes of IBD
Although the exact causes are unknown, genetic, environmental factors, and microbiota imbalances play a crucial role. Those with family members affected by IBD are at higher risk. A diet rich in saturated fats and processed meat increases the risk, while fiber-rich foods are protective.
Role of the Gut Microbiota in IBD
Dysbiosis, or an imbalance in the gut microbiota, is strongly linked to IBD. A decrease in bacterial diversity and a reduction in species producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, have been observed in IBD patients. This imbalance affects the intestinal barrier and contributes to chronic inflammation.
Treatments for IBD
Current treatments aim to reduce the intensity and frequency of flare-ups, but they do not cure the disease. In some cases, surgery may be necessary. Patients with ulcerative colitis have an increased risk of colon cancer, requiring regular monitoring.
Can probiotics help treat IBD?
Certain probiotics have proven effective in maintaining remission in cases of ulcerative colitis. However, their efficacy in treating Crohn’s disease remains limited.
How to improve quality of life with IBD
It is essential to adopt a fiber-rich diet to support gut health, avoid smoking, and manage stress through techniques like meditation or yoga. Regular, adapted physical activity can also help alleviate symptoms.
Conclusion: The Key Role of the Gut Microbiota
Recent studies highlight the crucial role of the gut microbiota in the development of IBD. Analyzing the microbiota helps detect dysbiosis, signaling the need to care for your gut bacteria through a healthy diet and lifestyle.
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